Whenever the idea of global governance is mentioned in a Vatican document, there is a flurry of debate with embedded positions being taken, especially amongst those who fear that a world superstate is being proposed. But, if anything, this is a subject where nuance should predominate.
The role of government is to promote the common good and human dignity. We are one humanity and so ultimately there is a global common good. As such, it would be odd if the institutions that we need for its promotion stopped at arbitrary national boundaries.
There is no doubt that human dignity and the common good are impaired by, for example war, human trafficking or by belligerent dictators pillaging their own peoples. It should not be surprising or threatening to argue that global institutions can help us address these problems. Is there not a widespread consensus, for example, for war crimes tribunals?
This does not mean that international institutions should displace nation states and still less interfere in the responsibilities of other institutions in society. The responsibility of governments – including institutions of global governance – may be important, but they should be limited.
The state has crucial functions, such as keeping the peace, maintaining well-functioning court systems, ensuring property is protected, and so on. If the state does not do these things, there is no possibility of society thriving. But the state should, to use a modern phrase “stick to its knitting”. Perhaps this principle of subsidiarity has been emphasised insufficiently in recent social teaching documents, but it is still latent and still fundamental.
The idea of global institutions is not a sudden fascination of Pope Francis. It was the school of Salamanca in the 16th century that helped systematise the idea of universal human rights. And this surely underpins the case for global institutions. In formal Catholic social teaching documents, strong and consistent calls for forms of global governance have appeared since Pacem in terris, published by Pope John XXIII in 1961. Indeed, arguably, it was in that document that the strongest calls for specific global organisations with strong powers was made.
There was an interesting aspect to this debate when Pope Benedict published Caritas in veritate in 2009. In the English translation of that document it was stated: “there is a strongly felt need, even in the midst of a global recession, for a reform of the United Nations Organization, and likewise of economic institutions and international finance, so that the concept of the family of nations can acquire real teeth.” In the other translations it was suggested that there needed to be a “real concreteness” to the idea of the family of nations.
The mistranslation found its way into the English version of Fratelli tutti, published at the beginning of the week.
Immediately after calling for “real concreteness” however, Pope Benedict emphasised that the principle of subsidiarity must apply in order not to create a “universal power of a tyrannical nature”.
And it is in this spirit that Pope Francis continues the discussion in Fratelli tutti. It might be thought that, in an encyclical that used the words “universal”, “global” or “international” well over 100 times and that was intensely political, teaching on global governance would be taken further. If anything, Pope Francis was more cautious than his predecessors.
He states that, though we need international governance, it need not be a personal authority. He praises institutions founded on inter-state co-operation. And in discussing the purpose of international institutions, Pope Francis focuses on the protection of fundamental human rights, justice and the promotion of the rule of law. The encyclical warns against international institutions being captured by particular interests, by a small number of states or by particular cultural norms. It also praises the many civil society institutions that are developing on a trans-national basis working to promote human rights and human development.
This discussion can be linked to debates about international institutions that take place amongst political economists. There are many – including amongst the pro-market economists Pope Francis condemns elsewhere in the encyclical – who strongly support international institutions with limited functions to promote peace, justice and trade where nation states fail to do so. On this matter, the doyen of pro-market economists, F.A. Hayek, laid out his views, in chapter 15 of The Road to Serfdom on “The Prospects for International Order”. Political economists also warn about the capture of international institutions by special interests or powerful countries.
Practical experience suggests good reasons for concern. The World Health Organization has hardly covered itself in glory in the current pandemic perhaps for the reasons Pope Francis outlines. And surely, the Church must abhor the strength of the pro-abortion culture within the UN – an organisation that is supposed to be committed to justice and peace. It could also be added that the place of international regulatory institutions in finance, in favour of which the Church’s pronouncements have been most consistent and concrete, can certainly be questioned. When it came to the financial crisis, if anything, they made the crisis more likely and its effects worse.
Perhaps the most interesting aspect of Fratelli Tutti on these issues is how little Catholic social teaching has advanced. Perhaps it shouldn’t. Maybe the role of Catholic social teaching should be to lay down the principles and allow those laity with the appropriate vision and vocation to take make the ideas more concrete.
Even the most ardent Catholic Brexiteer would accept that there should be some role for institutions beyond the nation state. But what should those institutions look like? In the spirit of the encyclical, perhaps the dialogue should begin.
Photo by Joshua Rawson-Harris on Unsplash